Advice & what not to do

• Do not overload the websites!

Downloading a site can overload it, if you have a fast pipe, or if you capture too many simultaneous cgi (dynamically generated pages).

• Do not download too large websites: use filters
• Do not use too many simultaneous connections
• Use bandwidth limits
• Use connection limits
• Use size limits
• Use time limits
• Only disable robots.txt rules with great care
• Try not to download during working hours
• Check your mirror transfer rate/size
• For large mirrors, first ask the webmaster of the site


• Ensure that you can copy the website
• Are the pages copyrighted?
• Can you copy them only for private purpose?
• Do not make online mirrors unless you are authorized to do so


• Do not overload your network
• Is your (corporate, private..) network connected through dialup ISP?
• Is your network bandwidth limited (and expensive)?
• Are you slowing down the traffic?


• Do not steal private information
• Do not grab emails
• Do not grab private information

Abuse FAQ for webmasters

1. Because a large part of your bandwidth is used by some users, who are slowing down the rest
2. Because of copyright questions (you do not want people to copy parts of your website)
3. Because of privacy (you do not want email grabbers to steal all your user's emails)

1. Bandwidth abuse:
   
   Many Webmasters are concerned about bandwidth abuse, even if this problem is caused by a minority of people. Offline browsers tools, like HTTrack, can be used in a WRONG way, and therefore are sometimes considered as a potential danger.
   But before thinking that all offline browsers are BAD, consider this: students, teachers, IT consultants, websurfers and many people who like your website, may want to copy parts of it, for their work, their studies, to teach or demonstrate to people during class school or shows. They might do that because they are connected through expensive modem connection, or because they would like to consult pages while travelling, or archive sites that may be removed one day, make some data mining, comiling information ("if only I could find this website I saw one day..").
   There are many good reasons to mirror websites, and this helps many good people.
   As a webmaster, you might be interested to use such tools, too: test broken links, move a website to another location, control which external links are put on your website for legal/content control, test the webserver response and performances, index it..
   
   Anyway, bandwidth abuse can be a problem. If your site is regularly "clobbered" by evil downloaders, you have
   various solutions. You have radical solutions, and intermediate solutions. I strongly recomment not to use
   radical solutions, because of the previous remarks (good people often mirror websites).
   
   In general, for all solutions,
   the good thing: it will limit the bandwidth abuse
   the bad thing: depending on the solution, it will be either a small constraint, or a fatal nuisance (you'll get 0 visitors)
   or, to be extreme: if you unplug the wire, there will be no bandwidth abuse
   
   
   1. Inform people, explain why ("please do not clobber the bandwidth")
      Good: Will work with good people. Many good people just don't KNOW that they can slow down a network.
      Bad: Will **only** work with good people
      How to do: Obvious - place a note, a warning, an article, a draw, a poeme or whatever you want
      
      
   2. Use "robots.txt" file
      Good: Easy to setup
      Bad: Easy to override
      How to do: Create a robots.txt file on top dir, with proper parameters
      Example:
          User-agent: *
      
          Disallow: /bigfolder
      
      
   3. Ban registered offline-browsers User-agents
      Good: Easy to setup
      Bad: Radical, and easy to override
      How to do: Filter the "User-agent" HTTP header field
      
      
   4. Limit the bandwidth per IP (or by folders)
      Good: Efficient
      Bad: Multiple users behind proxies will be slow down, not really easy to setup
      How to do: Depends on webserver. Might be done with low-level IP rules (QoS)
      
      
   5. Priorize small files, against large files
      Good: Efficient if large files are the cause of abuse
      Bad: Not always efficient
      How to do: Depends on the webserver
      
      
   6. Ban abuser IPs
      Good: Immediate solution
      Bad: Annoying to do, useless for dynamic IPs, and not very user friendly
      How to do: Either ban IP's on the firewall, or on the webserver (see ACLs)
      
      
   7. Limit abusers IPs
      Good: Intermediate and immediate solution
      Bad: Annoying to do, useless for dynamic IPs, and annoying to maintain..
      How to do: Use routine QoS (fair queuing), or webserver options
      
      
   8. Use technical tricks (like javascript) to hide URLs
      Good: Efficient
      Bad: The most efficient tricks will also cause your website to he heavy, and not user-friendly (and therefore less attractive, even for surfing users). Remember: clients or visitors might want to consult offline your website. Advanced users will also be still able to note the URLs and catch them. Will not work on non-javascript browsers. It will not work if the user clicks 50 times and put downloads in background with a standard browser
      How to do: Most offline browsers (I would say all, but let's say most) are unable to "understand" javascript/java properly. Reason: very tricky to handle!
      Example:
      You can replace:
          <a href="bigfile.zip">Foo</a>
      by:
          <script language="javascript">
          <!--
          document.write('<a h' + 're' + 'f="');
          document.write('bigfile' + '.' + 'zip">');
          // -->
          </script>
          Foo
          </a>
      
      You can also use java-based applets. I would say that it is the "best of the horrors". A big, fat, slow, bogus java applet. Avoid!
      
      
   9. Use technical tricks to lag offline browsers
      Good: Efficient
      Bad: Can be avoided by advanced users, annoying to maintain, AND potentially worst that the illness (cgi's are often taking some CPU usage). . It will not work if the user clicks 50 times and put downloads in background with a standard browser
      How to do: Create fake empty links that point to cgi's, with long delays
      Example: Use things like <ahref="slow.cgi?p=12786549"><nothing></a> (example in php:)
          <?php
          for($i=0;$i<10;$i++) {
              sleep(6);
              echo " ";
          }
          ?>
      
      
   10. Use technical tricks to temporarily ban IPs
       Good: Efficient
       Bad: Radical (your site will only be available online for all users), not easy to setup
       How to to: Create fake links with "killing" targets
       Example: Use things like <a href="killme.cgi"><nothing></a> (again an example in php:)
       

       <?php
       	// Add IP.
       	add_temp_firewall_rule($REMOTE_ADDR,"30s");
       ?>
       function add_temp_firewall_rule($addr) {
       	// The chain chhttp is flushed in a cron job to avoid ipchains overflow
           system("/usr/bin/sudo -u root /sbin/ipchains -I 1 chhttp -p tcp -s ".$addr." --dport 80 -j REJECT");
           syslog("user rejected due to too many copy attemps : ".$addr);
       }
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       

2. Copyright issues
   
   You do not want people to "steal" your website, or even copy parts of it. First, stealing a website does not
   require to have an offline browser. Second, direct (and credited) copy is sometimes better than disguised
   plagiarism. Besides, several previous remarks are also interesting here: the more protected your website will be,
   the potentially less attractive it will also be. There is no perfect solution, too. A webmaster asked me one day
   to give him a solution to prevent any website copy. Not only for offline browsers, but also against "save as",
   cut and paste, print.. and print screen. I replied that is was not possible, especially for the print screen - and
   that another potential threat was the evil photographer. Maybe with a "this document will self-destruct in 5 seconds.."
   or by shooting users after consulting the document.
   More seriously, once a document is being placed on a website, there will always be the risks of copy (or plagiarism)
   
   To limit the risk, previous a- and h- solutions, in "bandwidth abuse" section, can be used
   
   
   
3. Privacy
   
   Might be related to section 2.
   But the greatest risk is maybe email grabbers.
   
   
   1. A solution can be to use javascript to hide emails.
      Good: Efficient
      Bad: Non-javascript browsers will not have the "clickable" link
      How to do: Use javascript to build mailto: links
      Example:
          <script language="javascript">
          <!--
          function FOS(host,nom,info) {
            var s;
            if (info == "") info=nom+"@"+host;
            s="mail";
            document.write("<a href='"+s+"to:"+nom+"@"+host+"'>"+info+"</a>");
          }
          FOS('mycompany.com','smith?subject=Hi, John','Click here to email me!')
          // -->
          </script>
          <noscript>
          smith at mycompany dot com
          </noscript>
      
      
   2. Another one is to create images of emails
      Good: Efficient, does not require javascript
      Bad: There is still the problem of the link (mailto:), images are bigger than text, and it can cause problems for blind people (a good solution is use an ALT attribute with the email written like "smith at mycompany dot com")
      How to do: Not so obvious of you do not want to create images by yourself
      Example: (php, Unix)
      <?php
      /*
      Email contact displayer
      Usage: email.php3?id=<4 bytes of user's md5>
      The <4 bytes of user's md5> can be calculated using the 2nd script (see below)
      Example: http://yourhost/email.php3?id=91ff1a48
      */
      $domain="mycompany.com";
      $size=12;
      
      /* Find the user in the system database */
      if (!$id)
        exit;
      unset($email);
      unset($name);
      unset($pwd);
      unset($apwd);
      $email="";
      $name="";
      $fp=@fopen("/etc/passwd","r");
      if ($fp) {
        $pwd=@fread($fp,filesize("/etc/passwd"));
        @fclose($fp);
      }
      $apwd=split("\n",$pwd);
      foreach($apwd as $line) {
        $fld=split(":",$line);
        if (substr(md5($fld[0]),0,8) == $id) {
          $email=$fld[0]."@".$domain;
          $nm=substr($fld[4],0,strpos($fld[4],","));
          $name=$email;
          if ($nm)
            $name="\"".$nm."\" <".$email.">";
        }
      }
      if (!$name)
        exit;
      
      /* Create and show the image */
      Header ("Content-type: image/gif");
      $im = imagecreate ($size*strlen($name), $size*1.5);
      $black = ImageColorAllocate ($im, 255, 255, 255);
      $white = ImageColorAllocate ($im, 0,0,0);
      ImageTTFText($im, $size, 0, 0, $size , $white, "/usr/share/enlightenment/E-docs/aircut3.ttf",$name);
      ImageGif ($im);
      ImageDestroy ($im);
      ?>
      
      The script to find the id:
      
      #!/bin/sh
      
      # small script for email.php3
      echo "Enter login:"
      read login
      echo "The URL is:"
      printf "http://yourhost/email.php3?id="
      printf $login|md5sum|cut -c1-8
      echo
      
      
   3. You can also create temporary email aliases, each week, for all users
      Good: Efficient, and you can give your real email in your reply-to address
      Bad: Temporary emails
      How to do: Not so hard todo
      Example: (script & php, Unix)
      #!/bin/sh
      #
      # Anonymous random aliases for all users
      # changed each week, to avoid spam problems
      # on websites
      # (to put into /etc/cron.weekly/)
      
      # Each alias is regenerated each week, and valid for 2 weeks
      
      # prefix for all users
      # must not be the prefix of another alias!
      USER_PREFIX="user-"
      
      # valid for 2 weeks
      ALIAS_VALID=2
      
      # random string
      SECRET="my secret string `hostname -f`"
      
      # build
      grep -vE "^$USER_PREFIX" /etc/aliases > /etc/aliases.new
      for i in `cut -f1 -d':' /etc/passwd`; do
        if test `id -u $i` -ge 500; then
          off=0
          while test "$off" -lt $ALIAS_VALID; do
            THISWEEK="`date +'%Y'` $[`date +'%U'`-$off]"
            SECRET="`echo \"$SECRET $i $THISWEEK\" | md5sum | cut -c1-4`"
            FIRST=`echo $i | cut -c1-3`
            NAME="$USER_PREFIX$FIRST$SECRET"
            echo "$NAME : $i" >> /etc/aliases.new
            #
            off=$[$off+1]
          done
        fi
      done
      
      # move file
      mv -f /etc/aliases /etc/aliases.old
      mv -f /etc/aliases.new /etc/aliases
      
      # update aliases
      newaliases
      
      And then, put the email address in your pages through:
      
      <a href="mailto:<?php
          $user="smith";
          $alias=exec("grep ".$user." /etc/aliases | cut -f1 -d' ' | head -n1");
          print $alias;
      ?>@mycompany.com>>