exports.starts = (string, literal, start) ->
  literal is string.substr start, literal.lengthThis file contains the common helper functions that we’d like to share among the Lexer, Rewriter, and the Nodes. Merge objects, flatten arrays, count characters, that sort of thing.
Peek at the beginning of a given string to see if it matches a sequence.
exports.starts = (string, literal, start) ->
  literal is string.substr start, literal.lengthPeek at the end of a given string to see if it matches a sequence.
exports.ends = (string, literal, back) ->
  len = literal.length
  literal is string.substr string.length - len - (back or 0), lenRepeat a string n times.
exports.repeat = repeat = (str, n) ->Use clever algorithm to have O(log(n)) string concatenation operations.
  res = ''
  while n > 0
    res += str if n & 1
    n >>>= 1
    str += str
  resTrim out all falsy values from an array.
exports.compact = (array) ->
  item for item in array when itemCount the number of occurrences of a string in a string.
exports.count = (string, substr) ->
  num = pos = 0
  return 1/0 unless substr.length
  num++ while pos = 1 + string.indexOf substr, pos
  numMerge objects, returning a fresh copy with attributes from both sides.
Used every time Base#compile is called, to allow properties in the
options hash to propagate down the tree without polluting other branches.
exports.merge = (options, overrides) ->
  extend (extend {}, options), overridesExtend a source object with the properties of another object (shallow copy).
extend = exports.extend = (object, properties) ->
  for key, val of properties
    object[key] = val
  objectReturn a flattened version of an array.
Handy for getting a list of children from the nodes.
exports.flatten = flatten = (array) ->
  flattened = []
  for element in array
    if '[object Array]' is Object::toString.call element
      flattened = flattened.concat flatten element
    else
      flattened.push element
  flattenedDelete a key from an object, returning the value. Useful when a node is looking for a particular method in an options hash.
exports.del = (obj, key) ->
  val =  obj[key]
  delete obj[key]
  valTypical Array::some
exports.some = Array::some ? (fn) ->
  return true for e in this when fn e
  falseSimple function for inverting Literate CoffeeScript code by putting the documentation in comments, producing a string of CoffeeScript code that can be compiled “normally”.
exports.invertLiterate = (code) ->
  maybe_code = true
  lines = for line in code.split('\n')
    if maybe_code and /^([ ]{4}|[ ]{0,3}\t)/.test line
      line
    else if maybe_code = /^\s*$/.test line
      line
    else
      '# ' + line
  lines.join '\n'Merge two jison-style location data objects together.
If last is not provided, this will simply return first.
buildLocationData = (first, last) ->
  if not last
    first
  else
    first_line: first.first_line
    first_column: first.first_column
    last_line: last.last_line
    last_column: last.last_columnThis returns a function which takes an object as a parameter, and if that object is an AST node, updates that object’s locationData. The object is returned either way.
exports.addLocationDataFn = (first, last) ->
  (obj) ->
    if ((typeof obj) is 'object') and (!!obj['updateLocationDataIfMissing'])
      obj.updateLocationDataIfMissing buildLocationData(first, last)
    return objConvert jison location data to a string.
obj can be a token, or a locationData.
exports.locationDataToString = (obj) ->
  if ("2" of obj) and ("first_line" of obj[2]) then locationData = obj[2]
  else if "first_line" of obj then locationData = obj
  if locationData
    "#{locationData.first_line + 1}:#{locationData.first_column + 1}-" +
    "#{locationData.last_line + 1}:#{locationData.last_column + 1}"
  else
    "No location data"A .coffee.md compatible version of basename, that returns the file sans-extension.
exports.baseFileName = (file, stripExt = no, useWinPathSep = no) ->
  pathSep = if useWinPathSep then /\\|\// else /\//
  parts = file.split(pathSep)
  file = parts[parts.length - 1]
  return file unless stripExt and file.indexOf('.') >= 0
  parts = file.split('.')
  parts.pop()
  parts.pop() if parts[parts.length - 1] is 'coffee' and parts.length > 1
  parts.join('.')Determine if a filename represents a CoffeeScript file.
exports.isCoffee = (file) -> /\.((lit)?coffee|coffee\.md)$/.test fileDetermine if a filename represents a Literate CoffeeScript file.
exports.isLiterate = (file) -> /\.(litcoffee|coffee\.md)$/.test fileThrows a SyntaxError from a given location.
The error’s toString will return an error message following the “standard”
format <filename>:<line>:<col>: <message> plus the line with the error and a
marker showing where the error is.
exports.throwSyntaxError = (message, location) ->
  error = new SyntaxError message
  error.location = location
  error.toString = syntaxErrorToStringInstead of showing the compiler’s stacktrace, show our custom error message (this is useful when the error bubbles up in Node.js applications that compile CoffeeScript for example).
  error.stack = error.toString()
  throw errorUpdate a compiler SyntaxError with source code information if it didn’t have it already.
exports.updateSyntaxError = (error, code, filename) ->Avoid screwing up the stack property of other errors (i.e. possible bugs).
  if error.toString is syntaxErrorToString
    error.code or= code
    error.filename or= filename
    error.stack = error.toString()
  error
syntaxErrorToString = ->
  return Error::toString.call @ unless @code and @location
  {first_line, first_column, last_line, last_column} = @location
  last_line ?= first_line
  last_column ?= first_column
  filename = @filename or '[stdin]'
  codeLine = @code.split('\n')[first_line]
  start    = first_columnShow only the first line on multi-line errors.
  end      = if first_line is last_line then last_column + 1 else codeLine.length
  marker   = codeLine[...start].replace(/[^\s]/g, ' ') + repeat('^', end - start)Check to see if we’re running on a color-enabled TTY.
  if process?
    colorsEnabled = process.stdout?.isTTY and not process.env?.NODE_DISABLE_COLORS
  if @colorful ? colorsEnabled
    colorize = (str) -> "\x1B[1;31m#{str}\x1B[0m"
    codeLine = codeLine[...start] + colorize(codeLine[start...end]) + codeLine[end..]
    marker   = colorize marker
  """
    #{filename}:#{first_line + 1}:#{first_column + 1}: error: #{@message}
    #{codeLine}
    #{marker}
  """
exports.nameWhitespaceCharacter = (string) ->
  switch string
    when ' ' then 'space'
    when '\n' then 'newline'
    when '\r' then 'carriage return'
    when '\t' then 'tab'
    else string